(Mar de Kara)

геогр. Карское море

Mar de Kara.

общ. (mar de) Карское море

* * *

1) gener. Kara (mar de)

2) geogr. Mar de Kara

s. Corteza que se despelleja de los troncos según su desarrollo. Pe.Aya: jara, sachaj jaran. Pe.Jun: qalam. Pe.S.Mar: kaspi kara.

s. Bot. Qarapa. Pe.Aya: jara. Pe.Jun: kalan. Pe.S.Mar: kaspi kara.

* * *

(-da, -dr), v.

1) to know, recognize (Flosi kenndi Kára, er hann kom í stofuna);

2) to know as one’s own, claim (kenna sér land);

3) to assign or attribute to one (þá var ok ár um öll lönd, kenndu Svíar þat Frey);

kenna e-m barn, to father a child upon one;

4) kenna e-m e-t, to lay to one’s charge, impute (ef hann væri sannr verks þessa, er honum var kennt);

kenna e-m um e-t, to charge one with a thing (Þorgeirr vildi ekki, at brœðrum hans mætti um kenna);

5) to taste food or drink (kenna e-t or e-s);

6) to feel, perceive, with acc. and gen. (ek kennda þín eigi, er þú hvíldir á brjósti mér);

kenna sætan ilm, to perceive a sweet smell;

kenna hita (kulda) af e-u, to feel heat (cold) from;

kenna aflsmunar, liðsmunar, to feel the odds;

hón kenndi í meira lagi, she felt considerable pain;

absol., þá er þeir kómu upp í heiðina, kenndi at brá lit, the colour was felt to change, it began to darken;

mér kennir heiptar við e-n, I feel hatred against one;

kenna niðr, to touch the bottom (en er skipin kenndu niðr, þá gekk jarl á land);

7) to show, bear witness of (virðist mér ákall þetta meirr kenna ranglætis en réttvísi);

8) to call, name;

kenna e-t við e-n, to call after one (Helgi trúði á Krist, ok kenndi því við hann bústað sinn);

9) in poetry, to call by a periphrastic name (hvernig skal kenna sól, vind);

10) kenna e-m e-t, to teach one a thing (kenna e-m rétta trú ok góða siðu);

ek hefi kennt þér írsku at mæla, I have taught thee to speak Irish;

11) to make one do a thing (kenna e-m bíta);

12) refl., kennast, to seem, appear (Ulfr kennist mér vitr maðr);

recipr., svá var myrkt, at þeir kenndust eigi, that they did not know one another;

goldit var honum þetta svá, at hann mun lengi kennast, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long remember;

kennast við, to recognize (kenndist hann af því þegar við mennina); to confess, acknowledge (at þeir mætti við kennast sinn lítilleik).

* * *

d, kennig, Hm. 164; part. kennandisk, Bs. i. 322, H. E. i. 499, Dipl. iv. 8; [Goth. kunnan; A. S. knáwan; Old Engl. and Scot. ken; Dan. kjende; Swed. känna]:—to ken, know, recognise; þú kennir konu þá er heitir Oddný, Fms. vii. 103, Hkv. 2. 12; hann kenndi hann þegar, Nj. 9; Flosi kenndi Kára er hann kom í stofuna, 282; hann kenndi skipit, því at hann hafði þat skip séð fyrr, Eg. 120; þar kenndi Ingimundr lönd þau er honum var til vísat, Landn. 175, Sd. 186; þóttisk hann kenna sitt mark á vísu þessari, Fms. iii. 20: with infin., þeir kenndu at þat var Eirekr viðsjá, Ísl. ii. 335; er þetta hann Skalla-grímr? Grímr sagði at hann kenndi rétt, Eg. 112; kennir þú nökkut til gripa þessara! Nj. 75.

II. kenna sér e-t, to know as one’s own, claim; kenna sér land, Grág. ii. 204; hann á eigi þat er hann kennir sér, 219; Ingimundr kenndi sér fimm víntunnur … þú munt kenna þér þat er aðrir menn eigu, Bs. i. 433; því kenndi hvárr-tveggi sér nautin, Landn. 47; at enginn dirfi sik at kenna sér þat er hann görir eigi, Al. 88; ek spyrr hverr sér kenni M. M. at þingmanni, Grág. i. 19.

III. to acknowledge as belonging to another, attribute to him; öll vár góðverk eru honum at kenna ok eigna, Stj. 25; þá var ok ár um öll lönd, kenndu Svíar þat Frey, Hkr. i. 16; hér er tunglinu kennt embætti sólarinnar, Skálda 211; k. e-m barn, to father a child upon one, Bs. i. 807, K. Á. 16; var sveinn sá kenndr Jóni er Þórarinn hét, Sturl. i. 223; þó at hann sé kenndr nokkurum manni at syni, Grág. ii. 113, (kenningar-son, a natural son): cp. the phrase, þar er enginn kenndr sem hann kemr ekki, no one is known where he comes not, i. e. men had better keep aloof from where they have no business to be.

2. to lay to one’s charge, impute; Ásbjörn kenndi sér völd um þat harðrétti, Rd. 249; Eva kenndi sína synd orminum, Stj. 37; ef þeim eru engir laga-lestir kenndir, Grág. ii. 41; ef meiri eru ráð kennd um konu-nám þeim manni, i. 335; ef hann væri sannr verks þessa er honum var kennt, Fms. ii. 73; Sigurðr taldi þat úsatt sem Ingi konungr kenndi þeim, vii. 242; þeir kenndu honum, at hann hefði verit at vígi Benteins, 224; kenndi þat hvárr öðrum, at ekki héldi þat er mælt var, 248; það er mér að kenna, it is brought home to me; yðr er þat kenna, Am. 51: k. e-m um e-t, to charge one with a thing; Þorgeirr vildi ekki at bræðrum hans mætti um kenna, hvat sem í görðisk, Nj. 252; kenndu þeir því mest um, at Kjartan hafði þegit skikkjuna, Fms. x. 295.

IV. to know, perceive, feel, taste, scent; þegar hirðin hafði kennt ( tasted) fyrsta rétt, Fas. iii. 302; þeir kenna svá sætan ilm at þeir höfðu aldri fyrr slíkan kenndan, Fms. i. 228; kenna fúlt, to perceive a foul smell, Hallfred; kenna daun, Fms. viii. 230; þeir brugðu í munn sér ok þóttusk ekki jafnsætt kennt hafa, Fb. i. 539; hundarnir röktu sporin, þvíat þeir kenndu ( got scent of) af hreinstökunum, Ó. H. 152; kenndi djákninn ekki ( he felt not) at þeir lægi á honum, Bs. i. 464; hón kenndi ( she felt pain) í meira lagi, þá er nálgaðisk hátíð Þorláks biskups, 323.

β. kenna niðr (or niðri), to touch the bottom; en er skipin kenndu niðr þá gékk jarl á land, Hkr. i. 206; ok er skipit kenndi niðr, hlupu þeir fyrir borð, Grett. 97, Fms. viii. 317, ix. 23; svá var djúpt á bæði borð, at forkarnir kenndu eigi niðr, it was so deep that the boat-hooks did not reach the bottom, Ld. 56; þá er skipit flaut ok eigi kenndi niðr, 78.

γ. absol., þá er þeir kómu upp í heiðina, kenndi at brá lit, the colour was felt to change, i. e. it began to darken, Sturl. iii. 217 C; þá kenndi ( one could scent) ór laukinum, Fbr. 215; þá er maðr heilundi er köra (acc. or gen.?) kennir inn til heila-basta, Grág. ii. 91.

2. with prepp.; kenna af (á, at), to perceive, see; þess kennir nú at (af?) at þér þykkir ek févani, it is clear that …, I see that …, Eb. 38; kenndi þess mjök á ( it was much to be seen) um marga Upplendinga, at ílla hafði líkat aftaka Þóris, Ó. H. 188; þess kenna margir af, at þú ert frændstórr, Fb. ii. 270; deyr allt þat er af kennir ( all die that taste or smell of it), þeir deyja þegar er þeir kenna af, Rb. 352:—kenna til, to smart, feel pain, ache, freq. in mod. usage.

3. with gen. to have feeling of, feel; kenna mæði, lo be exhausted, Eg. 124; hjarta manns kennir alls, Skálda 169; kenna sóttar, to feel sickness; kona kennir sér sóttar, of childbirth, Fs. 26, Fas. ii. 504, Sd. 176: kenna karlmanns, to ‘know’ a man, cohabit with, Mar.; ek kennda eigi karlmanns, barn at bera, Hom. 30; kenna aflsmunar, liðsmunar, ríkismunar, to feel the odds, be overmatched, Hkr. i. 286, Fms. iv. 331, Ld. 38; kenna harðinda, Fms. vi. 110; kenna kulda af e-u, to feel cold from, Eb. 42; k. hita af e-u, Bs. i. 42; k. odds, benja, to feel the point, the wound, Am. 59, 88; virðisk mér ákall þetta meir kenna ranglætis en réttvísi, it is more prompted by overbearing than by justice, Fb. i. 19; hón kenndi þess at þar stóð ör í, ii. 365; nú má vera at mér kenni heiptar við suma menn, that I feel hatred against somebody, Sturl. iii. 233; tók þá at kenna annars litar, it began to grow dark, 171; vínviðr var efst þar sem holta kenndi, the holts were covered with vines, Þorf. Karl. 420; kenna fæðu, to taste food, Stj. 490, 492; but also k. á fæðu, 453, 517; kenna grunns, to touch the bottom, of a ship or anything afloat, Grág. ii. 353; k. endi-skeiðs, Bragi.

V. to call, name; kenna e-t við e-n, to call after one; Helgi trúði á Krist, ok kenndi því við hann bústað sinn, i. e. called it after Christ (Christness), Landn. 207; í þeim fjórðungi er dómrinn er við kenndr, in the quarter by which name the court is called, Grág. i. 65; at helga Þór allt landnám sitt ok kenna við hann, Landn. 97; k. mánuðinn við þann mann sem vatnsins gætir, Rb. 104; við þann er kennt Gunnars-holt, Nj. 29; Oddbjörn er Oddbjarnar-leið er við kennd, Eg. 102; Fleiri hlupu þeir fyrir berg, þar sem við þá er kennt síðan, Landn. 36; kenna þá með margfjölda atkvæði, address them in the plural, Sks. 312; sá var kenndr ( nicknamed) Knarrar-smiðr Ór, 43; Nótt en Nörvi kennda, i. e. Night, the daughter of Norvi, Alm. 30; hvar eru Hjörvarði haugar kenndir, where are the hows called Hjorward’s? Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); Mæringr mér of kenndr, my own sword M., Bjarn. (in a verse); hlutir er þú skal varask, at þú verðir eigi við kenndr, Sks. 358, 780; kenndr við styr, morð, connected with, Korm.

2. in poetry, to call by a periphrasis or descriptive name; rétt er at kenna ( to call) hana (a woman) svá, at kalla hana selju þess er hón miðlar, Edda; hvernig skal kenna Þór?—Svá at kalla hann son Óðins …, how is Thor to be called?—Thus, call him the ‘son of Odin,’ 53: hvernig skal kenna mann?—Hanna skal k. við verk sín, 67: with prep., kona er kennd við stein, Edda; ok kenn þó hvárn til sinnar iðnar, Fms. vi. 362; konu skal k. til alls kvenn-búnaðar, Edda, etc., see Edda (Skáldskm.) passim; hence kennd heiti ( compound or circumlocutory names), opp. to ókennd heiti ( plain appellatives), Edda 49.

B. In a causal sense, [Goth. kannjan = γνωρίζειν]:—to teach, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person, or with infin. of the thing or absol.; kenna e-m íþróttir, Fms. v. 334; kenna e-m rétta trú ok góða siðu, i. 17; kenn mér engan sann, iii. 85; Gunnarr fór með öllu sem honum var ráð til kennt, as he was taught, Nj. 100; kenn þú ráðit til, Fms. x. 334; kenna e-m at flýja, Hkr. i. 149; ek hefi kennt þér Írsku at mæla, Ld. 72; kenna helgar ritningar, 623. 18; þing-kenna, to proclaim in public, N. G. L. i. 7; far sem ek kenni þér, as I tell thee, Sd. 182; ek em sunr Áka, svá er mér til kennt, so I am told, Fms. xi. 153.

2. to teach in school; Andresi syni þeirra lét Herra biskup kenna ok vígði síðan, Bs. i. 716; kenna kenningar, to preach, 140; þá heyrði hann til er prestlingum var kennd íþrótt sú er grammatica heitir, 163; k. prestlingum, id.; þat kann ek it átjánda er ek æva kennig mey né manns konn, Hm. 164; ungr kenndak mér annat, I was taught otherwise when young, Fms. vi. 401 (in a verse); slíkt kennir mér at sofa lítið, Fas. ii. (in a verse).

3. to teach, make one to do; kenna e-m falda rauðu, Edda (Ht.); kenna e-m bíta, lúta í gras, Lex. Poët.; kenna e-m at drúpa, Sighvat; k. e-m brautir, to shew one the way, Hðm. 12, Hbl. 56; ek mun þér stöðna kenna, 6.

4. to tell; kennit mér nafn konungs, Hkv. Hjörv. 12.

C. REFLEX. to feel, seem to oneself; þar er hann lætr kennask svá ágætan ilm, Fms. i. 229; Úlfr kennisk mér ( appears to one to be) vitr maðr, v. 334:—with prep., kennask við, to recognise; kenndisk hann af því þegar við mennina, Nj. 267, Bret. 48; ef engi kennisk viðr, N. G. L. i. 345; dilkunum þeim er eigi kennask ær við, Grág. ii. 312: to confess, kennask við sannan Guð, 625. 66; þeir eigu at kennask við sik, at þeir hafa vald af Guði, Gþl. 43; at þeir mætti við kennask sinn lítilleik, Edda. (pref.); ekki kennumk ek við þetta, segir Hrói, Fb. ii. 76; nefndr Skeggi viðr-kenndisk, at …, Dipl. ii. 8; nú em ek eigi svá heimskr maðr, at ek kennumk eigi við at ek hefi talat ílla, Fms. ii. 33; goldit var honum þetta svá, at hann mun lengi kennask, feel it, remember it, Edda. 30; kenndisk svá Kálfr, at, Vm. 48; ek kennumst með þessu mínu bréfi, at …, Dipl. v. 5.

2. to feel, taste, touch; mold sýnisk mér, ok svá kennisk ( tastes) mér eigi síðr ostrinn er ek et, Ísl. ii. 352; hón þreifar um hann,—Barði mælti, hvé kennisk þér til, how is it to the touch? 342; slíks ek mest kennumk, Am. 52.

II. recipr. to know, recognise one another; svá var myrkt at þeir kenndusk eigi, Fms. ix, 50; ef þeir höfðu hér áðr við kennsk, Grág. ii. 72.

III. pass., þá kenndust ( were taught) margar ástir, Edda pref. (rare).

IV. part. kenndr, vinsæll ok vel kenndr af sínum undirmönnum, Mar.; ílla kenndr, having ill report, Fs. 49.

2. tipsy; kenndr af drykk, Stj. 172; hann er dálítið kenndr.

(kveð; kvað, kváðum; kveðinn), v.

1) to say, utter;

hann kvað eigi orð, he did not utter a word;

kveða gleði-orð, to say a cheerful word;

with infin., hann kvað þat satt vera, he said it was true;

kveða at orði, to express oneself, say, speak;

2) to (compose and) say aloud (hann kvað vísu);

to recite, repeat (S. bað hann þá kveða kvæðit þat, er hann hafði ort);

3) with preps.:

kveða at, to say, state;

gramm. to pronounce, sound;

kveða e-t at e-m, to inflict on;

mikill harmr er at oss kveðinn, great grief has been sent on us;

kveða á, to fix, determine (kveða á stefnudag);

impers. to state;

kveðr þar skýrt á þetta, it is there expressly stated;

to cancel, object to (kveða á gögn, to cancel the evidence) to make up one’s mind, resolve;

kveða e-t upp, to recite, declare (þat skulu lög vera, sem hann kveðr upp);

kveða við, to reply, answer (hitki hann veit, hvat hann skal við kveða, ef);

to utter a cry, etc. (hundrinn kvað við hátt);

to sound (því næst kvað lúðr við);

4) refl., kveðast, to say of oneself;

þeir er biskupar kváðust vera, who said they were bishops;

hann kveðst eigi ríða mundu, he said he would not ride;

impers., mér kveðsk = ek kveð mér;

Kára kvaðsk (= Kári kvað sér) önnur ferð betri þykkja, K. said he thought another course preferable;

kveðast at, to exchange verses or songs.

* * *

sing. kveðr, pret. kvað, 2nd pers. kvatt, kvattú, Fms. vi. 386, pl. kváðu, kvóðu, and kóðu, Ls. 24, Hom. 12, Ó. H. 48, Fms. viii. 71, xi. 107; pret. subj. kvæði; imperat. kveð, kveð-þú, kvettú, vi. 361, mod. kveddu; with neg. suff., pres. kveðk-a-ek, I say not, Ýt. 7: [Ulf. qiþan = λέγειν, εἰπειν, ἐρειν; A. S. cweðan; Engl. quoth; O. H. G. quedan; Swed. quäda; Dan. kvæde; cp. Lat. in-quit]:—to say; né því er kveðr kona, nor what a woman says, Hm. 83; at þú Frey kveðir úleiðastarr lifa, Skm. 19; kveða ( dicunt) Heimdal valda véum, Gm. 13: in an epic sense, to say, orð kvað þá Vingi, Am. 37, 38; Glaumvör kvað at orði, 30, 32; ok hann þat orða, alls fyrst um kvað = Homer’s καί μιν φωνήσας …, Þkv. 2, 3, 9, 12; or, þá kvað þat Heimdalr; Þá kvað þat Þórr; þá kvað þat Þrymr, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30; Egill fékk úgleði mikla svá at hann kvað eigi orð, Eg. 518; k. gleði-orð, to say a cheerful word, Vígl. 89 new Ed.; þeir kvóðu ekki gott orð at honum, 655 vii. 3; er hann hafði þat mælt, þá kvað hann úti annat orð, Fms. xi. 16; hverr þessa stafa, ef hann verðr í nef kveðinn, if he is nasal in sound, Skálda 162; lýsingar-váttar Marðar kváðu svá at orði, Nj. 233; til báls ok til brands kveðr at fornu máli, as it is said in old saws, N. G. L. i. 50; Rannveig kvað vel at hann færi útan, Nj. 111:—with infin., hón kvad þar eigi kvenna-vist, Fms. vii. 274; kveðum þá mæla ( let them speak) á várar tungur, 656 C. 6: the pret. kvað (proncd. kvu) as adv. or absol., ‘tis said, they say, það kvað (kvu) vera, they say so.

2. with prep.; kveða at, adverb. so to say; svá mátti at kveða, id., Fms. xi. 72; er svá mun mega at k. at líf manna lægi við, Nj. 78; kveðr svá at, it is so said, Ver. 83; þá er svá at kveðit, 3; lögsögumaðr skal ráða ok at kveða ( determine) hvar hvergi dómr skal sitja, Grág. i. 27: gramm. to pronounce, sound, Skálda 165; mikill harmr er at oss kveðinn, mickle harm is doomed us, Nj. 201; mikit er at Kjartani kveðit (there’s mickle said against K., i. e. he is a doomed man), ok mun úhægt vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190: það kveðr mikið (lítið) að e-u, to be of great ( small) influence or importance:—kveða á, to fix, determine, Grág. i. 35, 39, Nj. 90, Ld. 74; var kveðit á brullaups-stefnu, Nj. 40; var gört um málit ok kveðit á fégjöld, 111, Fs. 68: to state, kveðr þar skýrt á þetta, it is expressly stated there, Ld. 334: a law term, to cancel, object to, kveða á gögn, to cancel the evidence, Grág. i. 67, 106: to fix, make up one’s mind, resolve, 100, Nj. 3, 252: part. ákveðinn, fixed, appointed, 256: fated, eigi má saka þik um þetta, segir Njáll, þvíat slíkt er mjök ákveðit, 166: ákveðin orð, an agreement, stipulation, Hkr. ii. 372; með ákveðnum orðum, in express words, Grett. 89; vant er mér þat at skýra með ákveðnum orðum, Sks. 660; með ákveðnu, id., K. Á. 208; mun ek ákveðit göra, hverir þar skulu vera, Ísl. ii. 346: ákveðin orð, pointed, libellous words, Bjarn. 57:—kveða við, to reply, Hm. 26:—k. upp, to pronounce, make known, Gísl. 10, Fms. vii. 88.

II. to sing; hón bað Þorstein kveða nokkut, Grett. 159; skemti Stúfr ok kvað flokk einn, ok er lokit var bað konungr hann enn k.—Hversu mörg hefir þú nú kvæðin kveðit? … hví kveðr þú flokka eina? Fms. vi. 391; skyldi ok engi kveða vísurnar, Nj. 71; Egill orti alla drápuna, ok hafði fest svá at hann mátti kveða um morguninn, Eg. 421; k. kvæði, Ísl. ii. 232; þótt hann kveði út kvæði þetta, Fms. v. 175; konungr mælti, tel þú oss kvæði nokkut,—Þormóðr settisk upp ok kvað hátt mjök, svá at heyrði um allan herinn, hann kvað Bjarka-mál en fornu, Ó. H. 207; harm hóf upp kvæðit ok kvað hátt, Eg. 427; slógu þá konur hring umhverfis hjallinn, en Þorbjörg sat uppi á seiðhjallinum, kvað Guðríðr þá kvæðit svá fagrt ok vel, at engi þóttisk heyrt hafa með fegri rödd kvæði kveðit, Þorf. Karl. 378: in mod. usage kveða is used of the rhapsodic delivery of a ballad (ríma), half reciting half singing, thus Icel. say, kveða rímur, to recite a ballad, as also kveða vel, to recite, sing well; hann er góðr kvæða-maðr, he is a good ballad-singer, but never of a hymn or full melody; þeir riðu um bygðina kveðandi um daginn, Fms. xi. 376; þá ferr hann með fjölkyngi, ef hann kveðr þat eða kennir, K. Þ. K.; nú eru Háva-mál kveðin, Háva höllu í, Hm. 165; ok Austmarr jöfri Sænskum gýmis ljóð at gamni kveðr, Ýt. 18; þar sat kona við kvern ok kvað forkunnar fagrt, Fms. vii. 233.

2. to make a verse; kvettú nú, Þjóðólfr, um deild þeirra, … Þjóðólfr kvað (and the verse follows), Fms. vi. 361; kveða vísu, to make a ditty, Fms., Nj. passim; kvæðit var mjök kveðit, Fms. v. 173; þessi vísa var ílla ort ok skal ek kveða aðra betri, hann kvað, vi. 416; heyr þjóðskáldit! kvattú svá, gröm, skömm? ekki eru þær hendingar jafnhávar, 386:—kveða á e-n, to challenge one in a song; kalla þær sé kveðit sik á | af kærleiks elsku-fundum, Skíða R. 3.

3. kveða við, to scream; kvað sá við í því er kesjan stóð á honum miðjum, Fms. viii. 354; hundrinn kvað við hátt, Nj. 114: to sound, því næst kvað lúðr við, the trumpet sounded, Fms. vi. 16, vii. 288; þeir létu kveða við lúðra sína, ix. 527; í því kvað við klokka, Fb. i. 417, Fms. iii. 60, ix. 510.

III. reflex. to say of oneself; þeir er biskupar kváðusk vera, who said they were bishops, Íb. 13; hann kveðsk eigi ríða mundu, Nj. 12; Njáll kvaðsk með því einu fara myndu, 105; þeir kváðusk eigi vita hverju gegndi, Fms. vii. 272; þeir er sét kveðask hafa seglin, 322; þeir kóðusk koma mundu, xi. 107; hann kvaðsk þess albúinn, Nj. 100; Óttarr kvaðsk eigi vara, at …, Fs. 87.

2. also impers., mér kveðsk = eg kveð mér; er þér kveðsk þá þykkja gott at deyja, Fms. xi. 153; hafði hann fátt um í fyrstu, en kvaðsk þetta (= kvað sér þetta) þó vel líka, ix. 291; Kára kvaðsk (i. e. Kári kvað sér) önnur ferð betri þykkja, K. said he would like better to take another course, Nj. 139; herfiligt kveðsk honum þykkja at hokra þar fyrir stokkum eða steinum, Fas. ii. 505; Glúmi kveðsk því betr þykkja, Rd. 286; kvaðsk þeim horfin-heilla at þykkja, Fms. vii. 272; honum kveðsk vel á lítask, vi. 99; þeim kvaðsk þykkja sér vandalaust, 107; Vigdísi kvaðsk eigi vera um lygi, Ld. 44; honum kvaðsk meira um at halda fram, Fb. iii. 447; honum kvaðsk svá hugr um segja, Sturl.

3. kveðask at, recipr. to exchange songs, a game played at a wake or dance; sá leikr var mönnum tíðr, at kveðask skyldu at, karlmaðr at konu, ok kona at karlmanni, Bs. i. 165: in mod. usage, kveðast á, to cap verses, each party in turn replying in a verse beginning with the letter with which the preceding one ends; Komdú nú að kveðast á | kvæðin okkar stór og smá, a ditty, cp. kveða á II. 2. above.

* * *

(er; var, várum or vórum; verit), v.

1) to be, exist; þeir menn vóru, er, there were men who;

2) to be, happen; þat var, at hón fór brott, so it was that she went away; en er váraði, var þar búskortr, there was scarcity in the household; hvat er henni, what is the matter with her! þat var einn dag, at, it happened one day that; kann (má) v., at, it is possible, it may be that;

3) to last; meðan þingit væri, while the Thing lasted;

4) láta e-n v., to leave one alone (lát mik v. ok ger mér ekki illt); bað hann láta v., begged him to leave it undone, not to do it;

5) to dwell, stay; hann bað hana vera í búð sinni, he asked her to stay in his booth; hann var á Höskuldsstöðum um nótt, he passed a night at H.;

6) with infin., hlymr var at heyra, a clattering was to be heard; þar var at sjá, there was to be seen; v. at gera e-t, to be doing a thing; kvað hann v. at telja silfr, said he was counting the money; denoting necessity, a thing about to happen, or to be done; nú er þeim út at ganga öllum, er leyft er, now all those must go out to whom leave is given; er nú eigi Kára at varast, now there is no need to beware of K.; nú er þar til máls at taka, at, now it is to be told that; nú er at segja frá Skamkatli, now we must tell of S.;

7) with a predicate (noun, a., or adv.); v. konungr, Jarl, biskup, to be king, earl, bishop; v. glaðr, sæll, hryggr, ungr, gamall, to be glad, happy, sad, young, old; v. vel, illa til e-s, to be well, ill-disposed towards one; þat er illa, it is sad; vera spakliga í heraði, to behave gently; orð kvað þá Vingi þats án veri, words which he had better not have said;

8) impers., e-m er varmt, heitt, kalt, one is warm, cold;

9) with past participles in passive sense; v. kallaðr, sagðr, tekinn, to be called, said, taken;

10) with preps., v. af e-u, to be off, out of (v. af klæðum); v. at e-u, to be busy at; verkmenn váru at arningu, they were ploughing; to be present (þar varstu at); ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers; v. eptir, to be left, remain (A. kvazt vilja v. eptir ok hvílast); v. fyrir, to lead ( see fyrir); v. til, to exist; v. um, undir, see um, undir.

1) stay, sojourn; ef hann á sér í vá veru, if he has a corner to stay in;

2) comfort (slíkt er válaðs v.).

* * *

older form vesa, the verb substantive; pres. em, ert, er, pl. erum, eruð, eru: pret. var, vart (mod. varst), var, pl. váru or vóru; a obsolete óru occurs, Sæm. (once), Orkn. 426. l. 11, Nj. 81, Thom. 28, 90, 102, 116, 150, 196, Ísl. ii. 482: pres. subj. sé, sér (Vþm. 4, 7), sé; the older form is sjá, en ek sjá, Clem. 138. l. 14; at ek sjá, … ok sé mér eigi reiðr, 145, Fms. viii. 299, x. 384, xi. 124, Eg. 127; for the forms sják, sjákk, see below: the mod. forms are sé, sért, sér (eg sé, þú sért; s ert and ert make a rhyme in Pass. 34. 5): imperat. ver, vertú; see Gramm. p. xxiii: there also occurs a subj. pres. verir, veri, Sdm. 22, Ls. 54; þatz án veri, Am. 36; skósmiðr þú verir, Hm. 126, but rarely.

A. CHANGES AND FORMS.—Vera is an anomalous verb, which has undergone several changes:

I. by changing s to r; of the older form there occur, the infin. vesa, pres. es, pret. vas, vast (vastu), vas; pres. subj. vesi; imperat. ves, MS. 623. 25. l. 14, 645. 6l. l. 33, 677. 40. l. 38; vestu, 623. 25, Post. (Unger) 129. l. 27, 229. l. 12; vesum, Hom. (Arna-Magn. 237) p. 214. l. 8; pres. indic. 2nd pers. est, Glúm. 372; 3rd pers. es: but no traces remain of the older form in pret. plur. indic. and subj. (váru væri, never vásu væsi). Rhymes in poets and the spelling of the oldest extant poems shew that the s form alone existed in Icel. down to about the end of the 12th century, the time of Snorri Sturluson, when the modern forms crept in probably from Norway, for there the change seems to have taken place a century or so earlier; the old Norse vellums (written in Norway or by Norsemen) are distinguished from the Icel. by their constant use of the r: the phrase ‘at upp vesandi sólu’, in N. G. L. i. 4, being the only instance of the s form in all the Norse vellums. The earliest instances extant of a rhyme to the r form are, the Ht. of Rögnvald, earl of the Orkneys; he was a native of Norway, born about A. D. 1100, and the poem was composed about A. D. 1145; another instance is ‘vara, fara’ in Fms. vii. 185, in a poem about A. D. 1140, written by an Icelander who had lived in Norway the greater part of his life, the rhyme is therefore a Norwegianism. The first instance in an Icel. poem is in the Ht. of Snorri, A. D. 1222. Instances from poets, Hallfred, Sighvat, Arnórr, and coeval poets; vesa, vísi; sás með Sygna ræsi; þági vas sem þessum; vask til Róms í háska; vastu, kosta; vas fyrir Mikkjals- messu; nú es um verk þau er vísi; bráskat þat dægr háski: from A. D. 1100–1150, Geisli, Pd., etc., svás, ræsir; esat, risnu; vasa, tysvar; vestu. freistni; vestu, traustla: on the other hand, in the poem of earl Rögvald, vera, skera; gera, vera; var, skar (twice): from later Icel. poems it is sufficient to note, erðu, fyrðum; ertú, h jarta; verðú, f orðast, Leiðarv. etc. This may sometimes serve as a test, e. g. var ek nær viðr-eign þ eirra, Grett., and skap-kers saman vera, Gísl., are impossible in the mouth of poets of the early Saga time; the verses of both these Sagas are a later composition.

2. as to the spelling of the MSS.,—the oldest (the Arna-Magn. 677, the Eluc. 674, the Íb. etc.) use the s throughout: vellums of the next period, about A. D. 1200 (e. g. Arna-Magn. 623 and 645), use the later form sparingly, even the second hand in the Reykholts máldagi gives ‘es,’ not ‘er.’ Again, in the vellums of the middle of the 13th century, such as the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm., the Grág., and the Mork., the mod. spelling has entirely got the better of the old, and an ‘es’ only creeps in, as if unawares, from an older copy. Of the poetical literature, the Pd. alone has been preserved in a copy old enough to retain the s; all the rest have the modernised spelling, even in the rhymed syllables quoted above; such too is the case with the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm. Edda; but had that vellum been but fifty or sixty years older, the forms vesa, es, vas, etc. would now be the established spelling in Editions of these poems.

3. on Danish and Swedish Runic stones, the 3rd pers. pret. sing. is a word of frequent occurrence; the best Danish monuments have vas, e. g. ias vas farinn vestr, Thorsen 93 and 101 (on a stone of the reign of Sweyn, died A. D. 1014). In Sweden the great majority present the later form: the so-called Ingvar stones are chronologically certain, being of the middle of the 11th century (Ingvar died A. D. 1039); there we read, ‘vas’ (twice), ‘varinn’ (once), ‘var’ (thrice, being twice spelt with ᛦ, once with ᚱ): this shews that about this time in Sweden the later or more modern form had begun to be used, but that the old was still remembered.

II. suffixed personal pronoun or suffixed negation; em’k (tautologically ek em’k = I-am-I), emk, Ad. 1, Vþm. 8, Fms. xi. 91; ek emk, Mork. 89. l. 13, 104. l. 23, Clem. 136. l. 20, 138. l. 13; vask, I was, 133. l. 25, Mork. 89. l. 16; vark, Post. 225, v. l. 15; ek vark, Ls. 35; vestu, be thou, Clem. 129. l. 27; es þú, art thou, l. 30, 130. l. 11; sjá’k ( may I be), ek sják, Mork. 134; at sják, 189. l. 29; ek sják, Hbl. 9, Hkv. 1. 20; at ek gjarn sják, Stor.; with double kk, þó at ek sjákk, Mork. 89.

2. a medial form, erumk, erumz, or apocopated erum, Stor. 1, Ad. 16, Hkv. 1. 25, Korm. ch. 5. 2, Ls. 35, Bragi (see senna); leið erum-k fjöll, Edda (in a verse); várumk, were to me, Am. 78.

3. suff. neg. eru-mk-a, it is not to me, Stor. 17, Eg. (in a verse); emkat-ek, am I not I, i. e. I am not, Hbl. 34, Skm. 18, Ó. H. 192 (in a verse): er-at, es-at, or er-a, es-a, is not, passim; eru-ð, are not, Skv. 1. 42; ert-attu, thou art not, Vtkv.; vart-attu, thou wast not, Gs., Eg. (in a verse); veri-a, be not, Mork. 37. l. 8.

4. sá’s = sá es, that is, Hallfred (Fs. 95); svá’s = svá es, so is, Fms. vii. (in a verse).

III. the plur. eru when suffixed to words ending in r drops the initial e, and is suffixed; this spelling, which agrees with mod. Icel. pronunciation, was afterwards disused; þeir-ro, they are, Gm. 34; margir-ro, many are, Hkv. 2. 11; Æsir-ro, the Ases are, Vsp. 49; skildir-ro, shields are, 44; torogætir-ro, rare are, Korm. (in a verse); hverjar-ro, which are, Vþm. 48; langir-ro, long are, Gg.; tveir-ro, þrír-ro, fjórir-ro, two, three, four are, Edda 108; báðir-ro, both are, Mork. 169; hér-ro, here are, 234; þér-ro, ye are, MS. 686 B. 1; hryggvir-ro, id.; hver-ro, who are, Mork. 96; úvar-ro, wroth are, Gm. 53; værrom, vérrom, we are, Edda i. 526, Fms. x. 421; hverrtu [cp. North. E. wh’art’ou, lad] (hverrtú karl, who art thou, carle?), Frissb. 256. l. 8; ir-rot, ye are, Ó. H. 151.

IV. the pres. 1st pers. em [Engl. am] has changed into er (eg er, þú ert, hann er), making the 1st and 3rd pers. uniform; this new form appears in vellums about the end of the 13th century, but the word being usually abbreviated (ē = em, eͬ = er), it is often hard to distinguish. In the Icel. N. T. and in hymns the old ‘em’ still remains in solemn language, em eg, Matth. xxvii. 24; eigi em eg, John xviii. 17; eg em hann, 5, 8, xi. 25, xv. 1, 5, Matth. xiv. 27; em eg eigi postuli, em eg eigi frjáls, 1 Cor. ix. 1; em eg orðinn, 20, 22, and passim.

B. USAGE.—To be:

I. to be, exist; þær sakir skal fyrst dæma, ef þær eru, if such there are, Grág. (Kb.) i. 73; eigi vóru hans jafningjar, Eg. 1; Rachel grét sonu sína, … þvi at þeir eru eigi, Hom. 49; þeir menn vóru, er þess gátu, there were men who, Nj. 90.

2. to be, happen; þat var, at hón for brott, Nj. 51; él eitt mun vera, 198; þess sem vera vill, that which is to be, 186; ok er (is) Vagn þá fimtán vetra gamall, er þetta er, when this came to pass, Fms. xi. 97; at þessi orrosta hafi verit á öðrum degi viku, iii. 11; í þann tið var úfriðr Kristnum mönnum, Ver. 43; hvat er henni, what is the matter with her? Fms. ii. 290; hvat er þér, Atli? er þér hryggt í hug, Gkv. 3.

3. to last; meðan þingit væri, Nj. 12; hirðit eigi at óttask píslir þeirra—þvíat stund eina eru, 623. 32; meðan líf hans var, Bret. 100; þykkir eigi vera mega svá búit, Fms. xi. 62: to remain, leave alone, láttu það vera, let that be, Flóv.

4. to be, dwell, stay, sojourn; vask til Róms, I was at Rome, Sighvat; hann bað hana vera í búð sinni, Nj. 12; Gunnarr var á Höskuld-stöðum um nótt, passed a night there, 34, N. G. L. i. 347: so the phrase, biðja að lofa sér að vera, to ask for night-quarters, of a stranger or traveller; lofa honum að vera, to take a stranger in; honum var boðit at vera, Vápn. 23; hefi ek hér verit síðan, Nj. 45; Hallkell var þar með Otkatli, 73; þeir vildu eigi vesa hér við heiðna menn, Íb. 4; vera samvistum við e-n, Grág. ii. 80; vera við e-t, to be present at, Hom. 129: vera at, to be present; vark at þar, Glúm.: vera brottu, to be away, absent, Nj. 113; meðan ek em í brautu, 52: sagðisk eigi vita hvar þau væri, were to be found, Dipl. ii. 20; hvar ertu? slá ein var um þvert skipit, Nj. 44; hygg ek at þar hafi verit Bolli, Ld. 274; er þér hér nú minja-griprinn, Nj. 203: as with the notion of ‘towards’ a place, an irregular construction, vartú á land upp, Fas. ii. 174; meðan þeir vóru til Danmerkr, Fms. x. 104; Ribbungar höfðu ekki verit út í landit, ix. 359; verit eigi til orrostu, vii. 263, v. l.; vera á fund hans, Eg. 26.

5. with prepp.; vera at, to be busy at (see ‘at’ A. II, p. 26, col. 2): vera fyrir, to lead (see fyrir): vera til, to exist (see til IV); eiga fjölskyldi, vandræði, um at vera, to be in straits (see um C. VII); e-m er mikit, lítið, ekki um e-t (see um C. I. 3); vera við (see við B. VIII).

II. with a predicate:

1. with a noun, to be so and so; vera bróðir, systir, faðir, sonr, dóttir … e-s, vera konungr, jarl, biskup …, passim; hvers son ertú?—Ek emk Kattarson, Mork. 104; ek skal þer Mörðr vera, Nj. 15: followed by a gen. ellípt., er þat ekki karla, that is not men’s (affair), 75; er þat ekki margra, ‘that is not for many,’ few are equal to that (cp. Lat. ‘non cuivis homini,’ etc.), 48.

2. with adjectives, to be so and so, of a state or condition; vera kunnigr, Fms. x. 370; vera glaðr, sæll, hryggr, dauðr, lifandi, … ungr, gamall, to be glad …, young, old, passim; þó at ek sjákk ótignari, Mork. 89; nema ek dauðr sják, Hbl. 9; þótt ek sják einn, Mork. 134; vera kominn, to be come: so too with adverbs, vera vel, ílla … til e-s, er við e-n, to be, behave well, ill … to one, passim; or also, þat er ílla, it is sad, Nj. 70, 71; ílla er þá, fyrr væri ílla, 75, 260; drengr góðr, þar sem vel skyldi vera, when it was to be, i. e. when she wished, 147; vera spakliga í heraði, to behave gently, Sturl. iii. 143; at þú frændr þína vammalaust verir, to behave blamelessly, Sdm. 22; orð kvað hann þats án veri, words which he had better not have said, Am. 36.

3. impers., e-t er skylt, it is incumbent, Grág.; e-m er varmt, heitt, kalt, one is warm, cold, Nj. 95; er auðit, q. v.

4. with participles, in a passive sense; vera kallaðr, vera sagðr, tekinn, elskaðr, etc., to be called, said, taken, loved.

5. with infin.; hlymr var at heyra, was to hear, i. e. to be heard, Am.; þar var at sjá, there was to be seen, passim.

6. ellipt., dropping a noun or the like, denoting futurity, necessity, a thing at hand, about to happen, or to be done; ok er hér at þiggja, Hrafn, þann greiða sem þú vill, and it is now for thee, Rafn, to partake of what food thou wilt, Ísl. ii. 262; nú er þeim út at ganga öllum, er leyft er, now it is for them to go out, Nj. 200; nú er at verja sik, 83; er nú eigi Kára at varask, now there is no need to beware of K., 259; nú er at segja frá, now is to be told, 75, 259; er nú ekki fyrr frá at segja en þeir koma …, 21; er ekki um hans ferðir at tala fyrr en …, 215.

III. irregular usages:

1. ellipse of the infin. vera; ek skal þér Hrútr, I will [be] Hrútr to thee, Nj. 15; Gunnarr segir sér þat alvöru, G. says it [ is to be] his earnestness, 49; vil ek þá lauss máls þessa, 76; bað hann alla metta at miðri nótt, he begged all eating [ to be over] at midnight, Fms. ix. 353; þá þótti hverjum gott þar sem sat, Nj. 50; at skamt skyli okkar í meðal, 114; mun þín skömm lengi uppi, mun hans vörn uppi meðan landit er bygt, 116, 117: or also ‘var,’ ‘er’ may be understood, hann hafði hjálm á höfði, og gyrðr sverði, 70; sá ek glöggt hvat títt var,—barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju, a bairn in age, and to have slain such a champion! Glúm. 382: the dropping of the infin. vera is esp. freq. after the reflex. forms kveðsk, segjask, látask, þykkjask, virðask, sýnask when followed by a part. pret. or by an adjective, as also after the verbs munu, skulu,—thus, hann sagðisk kominn, he said he was come; hann lezt búinn, he made as if he was ready; hann þóttisk staddr, he thought that he was …; skal þat á þínu umdæmi, Fms. xi. 89; þess eins er mér þykkir betr, … til hvers þykkjast þessir menn færir, Hrafn. 17; mun þat harðla lítið, 21; at fátt muni manna á fótum, 20; þú virðisk okkr vaskr maðr, 23; þessi hestr sýnisk mér eigi betri en aðrir, id.

2. an irregularity, occurring now and then, is the use of the sing. ‘er’ for plur. eru; mannföll þessi er sögð, Gullþ. 71; nú er fram komin sóknar-gögn, Nj. 242.

IV. recipr., erusk, vórusk; viðr-gefendr ok endr-gefendr erosk lengst vinir, Hm. 40; þeir er í nánd erusk, those who are neighbours, 655 xxi. 3; þótt þau sésk eigi hjóna, though they be not man and wife, K. Þ. K. 158; ok városk góðir vinir, were good friends, Fms. xi. 39, 89; ok várusk þeir fóstbræðr, 55.

V. as to the poët. medial form, erumk, várumk (see ek C), the following instances are from the poems of Egil: grimmt várumk hlið, the breach was cruel to me, Stor.; erumk-a leitt, it is not to me, Eg. (in a verse); erumka þokkt þjóða sinni, see sinni II; mærðar-efni erumk auð-skæf, Ad.; mjök erum(k) tregt tungu at hræra, it is hard for me to move the tongue, Stor. 1; (hence one might correct the end verse of that poem into nú ‘erumk’ torvelt, for the modernised nú ‘er mér’ torvelt); blautr erumk bergi-fótar borr, Eg. (at the end); to which add, þat erumk sennt, it is told us, Bragi; lyst várumk þess, I had a longing to, Am. 74; ván erumk, ‘a hope is to me,’ I hope, Fagrsk. 122; the phrase, títt erumk, ‘tis ready to me, Eb. (in a verse).

VI. part., allir menn verandi ok eptir komandi, Dipl. i. 3; æ-verandi, everlasting, Hom. 107; hjá-verandi, being present, Vm. 47; nær-verandis, present; engi nær-verandis maðr, öllum lýð nær-verandis, Th. 77; klerkar ok nær-verandi leikmenn, Mar.; at upp-vesandi sólu, at sunrise, N. G. L. i. 4; verandi eigi úminnigr, being not unmindful, Fms. v. 230.

caravella s.f. (st. mar.) caravel, carvel.

* * *

sostantivo femminile caravel

* * *

caravella

/kara'vεlla/

sostantivo f.

caravel.

verbo transitivo

hinaufheben

————————

encaramarse verbo pronominal

hochklettern

encaramar

encaramar [eŋkara'mar]

I verbo transitivo

num1num (alzar) hochheben; encaramar a alguien a la fama mundial jdn weltberühmt machen

num2num (alabar) loben

II verbo reflexivo

■ encaramarse

num1num (subir) encaramarse a un árbol (auf) einen Baum hinaufklettern; encaramarse a una escalera eine Leiter hochklettern

num2num (de categoría) sich hocharbeiten; encaramarse a lo más alto de la empresa sich in der Firma ganz nach oben arbeiten

कार्य pot. p. [कृ-कर्मणि ण्यत्] What ought to be done, made, performed, effected &c. कार्या सैकतलीनहंसमिथुना स्रोतोवहा मालिनी Ś.6.17; साक्षिणः कार्याः Ms.8.61; so दण्डः, विचारः &c.

-र्यम् 1 (a) Work, action, act, affair, business; कार्यं त्वया नः प्रतिपन्नकल्पम् Ku.3.14; Ms.5.15. (b) A matter, thing.

-2 Duty; अभिचैद्यं प्रतिष्ठासुरासी- त्कार्यद्वयाकुलः Śi.2.1.

-3 Occupation, enterprize, emer- gent business.

-4 A religious rite or performance.

-5 A motive, object, purpose; कार्यमत्र भविष्यति Pt.2.7 (v. l.); 116; Śi.2.36; H.4.61.

-6 Want, need, occa- sion, business (with instr.); किं कार्यं भवतो हृतेन दयिता- स्नेहस्वहस्तेन मे V.2.2; तृणेन कार्यं भवतीश्वराणाम् Pt.1.71, 4.27; Amaru.73.

-7 Conduct, deportment.

-8 A law-suit, legal business, dispute &c.; बहिर्निष्क्रम्य ज्ञायतां कः कः कार्यार्थीति Mk.9; Ms.8.43.

-9 An effect, the neces- sary result of a cause (opp. कारण).

-1 (In Gram.) Operation; विभक्तिकार्यम् declension.

-11 The denoue- ment of a drama; कार्योपक्षेपमादौ तनुमपि रचयन् Mu.4.3.

-12 Healthiness (in medicine).

-13 Origin.

-14 A body; कार्याश्रयिणश्च कललाद्याः (कार्यं शरीरम्) Sāṅ. K.43. [cf. Germ. kāra; Pers. kār; Prāk. kajja; Mar. kāja]

-Comp. -अक्षम a. unable to do one's duty, incom- petent.

-अकार्यम् to be done and not to be done, right and wrong (action); कार्याकार्यमजानतः गुरोः (परित्यागो विधीयते) Pt.1.36.

-अकार्यविचारः discussion as to the pro- priety or otherwise of anything, deliberation on the arguments for and against any proceeding.

-अधिपः 1 the superintendent of a work or affair.

-2 the planet that decides any question in astrology.

-अपेक्षिन् pursuing a particular object; कुर्वन्त्यकाले$भिव्यक्तिं न कार्या- पेक्षिणो बुधाः Ks.56.133.

-अर्थः 1 the object of any undertaking, a purpose; बलस्य स्वामिनश्चैव स्थितिः कार्यार्थ- सिद्धये Ms.7.167.

-2 an application for employment.

-3 any object or purpose.

-अर्थिन् a.

1 making a request.

-2 seeking to gain one's object or purpose; मनस्वी कार्यार्थी गणयति न दुःखं न च सुखम् Bh.2.81.

-3 seeking an employment.

-4 pleading a cause in court, going to law; Mk.9.

-आश्रयिन् a. Resorting to the body; कार्याश्रयिणश्च कललाद्याः Sāṅ. K.43.

-आसनम् seat of transacting business.

-ईक्षणम् superintendence of public affairs; स्थापयेदासने तस्मिन् खिन्नः कार्येक्षणे नृणाम् Ms.7.141.

-उद्धारः discharge of a duty.

-उद्योगः active engagement in any business.

-कर a. efficacious.

-कर्तृ m.

1 an agent, a workman.

-2 a friend, benefac- tor; नृपतिजनपदानां दुर्लभः कार्यकर्ता Pt.1.131.

-कारणे (dual)

1 cause and effect; object and motive; ˚वर्जितः Pt.1.413.

-2 some special cause of an act; न भक्त्या कस्यचित्को$पि प्रियं प्रकुरुते नरः । मुक्त्वा भयं प्रलोभं वा कार्यकारणमेव वा ॥ Pt.1.412 ˚भावः the relation of cause and effect.

˚संबन्धः The relation of cause and effect. In मीमांसा this is established by the rule of अन्वयव्यतिरेक (i. e. तद्भावे भावः तदभावे अभावः) The earliest exposition of this expression is found in the शाबरभाष्य on MS.4.3.2; cf. कार्यकारणसम्बन्धो नाम स भवति, यस्मिन् सति यद् भवति यस्मिंश्चासति यन्न भवति, तत्रैव कार्य- कारणसंबन्धः । This should be contrasted with the नैयायिक view of अन्वय-व्यतिरेक which they use for establishing व्याप्ति.

-कालः time for action, season, fit time or oppor- tunity; Rām.1. (-n.) कार्यकालं संज्ञापरिभाषम् परिभाषेन्दुशेखर pari. 2 and 3.

-गौरवम् importance of the act, deed, or occasion; respect for the performance; U.7. कार्य- गौरवादात्ययिकवशेन वा Kau. A.1.19.

-चिन्तक a.

1 prudent, cautious, considerate. (

-कः) manager of a business, executive officer; धर्मज्ञाः शुचयो$लुब्धा भवेयुः कार्य- चिन्तकाः Y.2.191.

-च्युत a. out of work, out of employ, dismissed from an office.

-जातम्, -दर्शनम् 1 inspection of a work; Ms.8.9,23.

-2 inquiry into public affairs.

-निर्णयः settlement of an affair; उभयः प्रतिभूर्ग्राह्यः समर्थः कार्यनिर्णये Y.2.1.

-पदवी line of conduct, course of action; पुरावृत्तोद्गारैरपि च कथिता कार्यपदवी Māl.2.13.

-पुटः 1 a man who does any useless thing.

-2 a mad, eccentric or crazy man.

-3 an idler.

-प्रद्वेषः dislike to work, idleness, laziness.

-प्रेष्यः an agent, a messenger.

-भाजनम्, -पात्रम् any one engaged in active life.

-वस्तु n. an aim or object.

-विपत्तिः f. a failure, reverse, misfortune.

-व्यसनम् failure of an affair.

-शेषः 1 the remainder of a business; Ms.7.153.

-2 completion of an affair.

-3 part of a business.

-सिद्धिः f. success, fulfilment of an object.

-स्थानम् a place of business, office.

-हन्तृ 1 obstructing or marring another's work; H.1.77.

-2 opposed to another's interests.

वात p. p. [वा-क्त]

1 Blown.

-2 Desired or wished for, solicited.

-तः 1 Air, wind.

-2 The god of wind, the deity presiding over wind.

-3 Wind, as one of the three humours of the body.

-4 Gout, rheumatism.

-5 Inflammation of the joints.

-6 A faithless lover (

धृष्ट).

-7 Wind emitted from the body; Mb.

-8 Morbid affection of the windy humour, flatulence.

-Comp. -अटः 1 an antelope (वातमृग).

-2 a horse of the sun.

-अण्डः a disease of the testicles; वृषणौ दूषयेद्वायुः श्लेष्मणा यस्य संवृतः । तस्य मुष्कश्चलत्येको रोगो वाताण्डसंज्ञकः ॥ Mādhava- kara.

-अतिसारः dysentery caused by some derange- ment or vitiation of the bodily wind.

-अदः the almond tree.

-अध्वन् m. an air-hole, window; वाताध्वरोमविवरस्य च ते महित्वम् Bhāg.1.14.11.

-अयम् a leaf.

-अयनः a horse.

(-नम्) 1 a window, an air-hole; कटाक्षैर्नारीणां कुवलयितवातायनमिव Māl.2.11; Ku.7.59; R.6.24;13. 21.

-2 a porch, portico.

-3 a pavilion.

-अयुः an ante- lope.

-अरिः 1 the castor-oil tree.

-2 N. of several plants:-- शतमूली, शेफालिका, यवानी, भार्गी, स्नुही, विडंग, शूरण, जतुका &c.

-अश्वः a very fleet or swift horse.

-अष्ठीला a hard globular swelling in the lower belly.

-आख्यम् a house with two halls (one looking south and the other east).

-आत्मजः 1 N. of Hanumat; वातात्मजं वानर- यूथमुख्यं श्रीरामदूतं शरणं प्रपद्ये Rāma-rakṣā 33.

-2 N. of Bhīmasena.

-आप्यम् 1 fermentation.

-2 Soma.

-3 water.

-आमोदा musk.

-आलिः, -ली f. a whirl-wind; एतेन वातालीपुञ्जितेन शुष्कपर्णपुटेन प्रच्छादयामि Mk.8.

- आहत a.

1 shaken by the wind.

-2 affected by gout.

-आहतिः f. a violent gust of wind.

-आहार a. one who feeds only on air.

-उपसृष्ट a. rheumatic, gouty.

-ऋद्धिः f.

1 excess of wind.

-2 a mace, a club, stick tipped with iron.

-कण्टकः a particular pain in the ankle.

-कर्मन् n. breaking wind.

-कुण्डलिका scanty and painful flow of urine.

-कुम्भः the part of an elephant's forehead below the frontal sinuses.

-केतुः 1 dust.

-2 cloud.

-केलिः 1 amorous discourse, the low whispering of lovers.

-2 the marks of finger-nails on the person of a lover.

-कोपन a. exciting wind (in the body).

-क्षोभः distur- bance of wind in the body.

-गामिन् m. a bird.

-गुल्मः 1 a high wind, strong gale.

-2 rheumatism.

-घ्नी N. of some plants (Mar. सालवण, आस्कंध).

-चक्रम् the circular markings of a compass.

-चटकः the तित्तिर bird.

-जम् a kind of colic.

-ज्वरः fever arising from vitiated wind.

-तूलम् cottony seeds floating in the air.

-थुडा (also वातखुडा, वातहुडा)

1 a high wind.

-2 acute gout.

-3 a kind of smallpox.

-4 a lovely woman.

-ध्वजः 1 a cloud.

-2 dust.

-पटः a sail.

-पण्डः a kind of impotent man.

-पातः a gust of wind.

-पित्तम् a form of gout.

-पुत्रः 1 a cheat.

-2 N. of Bhīma or Hanumat.

-पोथः, -पोथकः the tree called पलाश.

-प्रकोपः excess of wind.

-प्रमी m., f. a swift antelope.

-प्रमेहः a kind of urinary disease.

-प्रवाहिका a kind of अतिसार disease

-फुल्लान्त्रम् flatulence in the bowels (caused by indigestion).

-मण्डली a whirl-wind; रजसा सहसावर्तं वितेने वातमण्डली Śiva B.11.42.

-मार्गः the sky.

-मृगः a swift antelope.

-रक्तम्, -शोणितम् acute gout; कृत्स्नं रक्तं विदहत्याशु तच्च, दुष्टं स्रस्तं पादयोश्चीयते तु । तत्संपृक्तं वायुना दूषितेन तत्प्राबल्यादुच्यते वातरक्तम् ॥.

-रङ्गः the fig-tree.

-रथः a cloud.

-रूषः 1 a storm, violent wind, tempest.

-2 the rainbow.

-3 a bribe.

-रेचकः 1 a gust of wind.

-2 a braggart.

-रोगः, -व्याधिः 1 gout or rheumatism.

-2 (वातव्याधिः) N. of an ancient authority on अर्थशास्त्र referred to by Kauṭilya.

-वस्तिः f. suppression of urine.

-वृद्धिः f. swelled testicle.

-वैरिन् m the castor-oil tree.

-शीर्षम् the lower belly.

-शूलम् colic with flatulence.

-संचारः hiccough.

-सह a. gouty.

-सारथिः fire.

-स्कन्धः the quarter from which the wind blows.

शतम् 1 A hundred; निःस्वो वष्टि शतम् Śānti.2.6; शतमेको$पि संधत्ते प्राकारस्थो धनुर्धरः Pt.1.229; (शत is used in the singular with a plural noun of any gender; शतं नराः; शतं गावः; or शतं गृहाणि, in which case it is treated as a numeral adjective; but sometimes in dual and plural also; द्वे शते, दश शतानि &c. It is also used with a noun in the genitive; गवां शतम्, वर्षाणां शतम् 'a century of cows, years' &c. At the end of comp., it may remain unchan- ged; भव भर्ता शरच्छतम् or may be changed into शती; as in आर्यासप्तशती a work of Govardhanāchārya.).

-2 Any large number; as in शतपत्र q. v.

-Comp. -अक्षी 1 night.

-2 the goddess Durgā.

-अङ्गः 1 a car, carriage; especially, a war chariot.

-2 N. of a tree (तिनिश).

-अनीकः 1 an old man.

-2 an army officer possessing a hundred footmen; (शतानां तु शतानीकः Śukra.2.14.

-अब्दम् a century.

-अरम्, -आरम् the thunderbolt of Indra.

-अरुस् n.,

-अरुषी a leprous disease of the skin.

-अवरः a fine of a hundred.

-(री) 1 N. of a plant.

-2 N. of the wife of Indra.

-आनकम् a cemetery.

-आनन्दः 1 N. of Brahman.

-2 of Viṣṇu or Kṛiṣṇa.

-3 of the car of Viṣṇu.

-4 of a son of Gau- tama and Ahalyā, the family-priest of Janaka; गौतमश्च शतानन्दो जनकानां पुरोहिताः U.1.16.

-आयुस् a. lasting or living for a hundred years.

-आवर्तः, -आवर्तिन् m. N. of Viṣṇu.

-ईशः 1 the ruler of a hundred.

-2 the ruler of a hundred villages; Ms.7.115.

-कर्मन् the planet Saturn.

-कुम्भः 1 N. of a mountain (where gold is said to be found).

-2 N. of a sacrifice; शतकुम्भं नाम यज्ञ- मनुभवितुं महर्षेर्धौम्यस्य आश्रमं गता इति Madhyamavyāyoga 1. (

-म्भम्) gold.

-कृत्वस् ind. a hundred times.

-कोटि a. hundred-edged. (

-टिः) Indra's thunderbolt; कराग्रजाग्र- च्छतकोटिः N.7.79. (-f.) a hundred crores; चरितं रघु- नाथस्य शतकोटिप्रविस्तरम् Rāma-rakṣā 1.

-क्रतुः an epithet of Indra; अपूर्णमेकेन शतक्रतूपमः शतं क्रतूनामपविघ्नमाप सः R.3.38.

-खण्डम् gold.

-गु a. possessed of a hundred cows.

-गुण, -गुणित a. a hundred-fold, increased a hundred times; अनुपनतमनोरथस्य पूर्वं शतगुणितेव गता मम त्रियामा V.3.22.

-ग्रन्थिः f. the Dūrvā grass.

-घ्नः N. of Śiva.

-घ्नी 1 a kind of weapon used as a missile (supposed by some to be a sort of rocket, but described by others as a huge stone studded with iron spikes and four tālas in length; शतघ्नी च चतुस्ताला लोहकण्टकसंचिता; or अथकण्टकसंच्छक शतघ्नी महती शिला); अयःशङ्कुचितां रक्षः शतघ्नीमथ शत्रवे (अक्षिपत्) R.12.95; Bhāg.9.15.3.

-2 a female scorpion.

-3 a disease of the throat.

-4 N. of a plant (करञ्ज).

-चन्द्रः a sword or shield adorned with a hundred moons (moon-like spots); ततः शरशतेनास्य शतचन्द्रं समाक्षिपत्त् Mb.7. 97.29. ˚वर्त्मन् a manner of brandishing the sword; तं श्येनवेगं शतचन्द्रवर्त्मभिश्चरन्तमच्छिद्रमुपर्यधो हरिः Bhāg.8.7.28.

-चरणा a centipede.

-छदः a kind of wood-pecker.

-जिह्वः an epithet of Śiva.

-तारका, -भिषज्, -भिषा f. N. of the 24th lunar mansion containing one hundred stars.

-दलम् a lotus-flower.

-दला the white rose.

-द्रुः f.

1 N. of a river in the Punjab now called Sutlej.

-2 N. of the Ganges.

-धामन् m. an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-धार a.

1 flowing in a hundred streams.

-2 having a hundred edges. (

-रम्) the thunderbolt of Indra.

-धृतिः 1 an epithet of Indra.

-2 of Brahman; गते शत- धृतौ क्षत्तः कर्दमस्तेन चोदितः Bhāg.3.24.21.

-3 heaven or Svarga.

-धौत a. perfectly clean.

-पत्रः 1 a peacock.

-2 the (Indian) crane.

-3 a wood-pecker.

-4 a par- rot or a species of it. (

-त्रा) a woman. (

-त्रम्) a lotus; आवृत्तवृन्तशतपत्रनिभम् (आननं) वहन्त्या Māl.1.22. ˚योनि an epithet of Brahman; कम्पेन मूर्ध्नः शतपत्रयोनिं (संभावयामास) Ku.7.46.

-पत्रकः the wood-pecker.

-पत्री, -पत्रिकः the white rose.

-पथब्राह्मणम् N. of a well-known Brāhma- ṇa attached to the Śukla Yajurveda; कृत्स्नं शतपथं चैव प्रणेष्यसि द्विजर्षभ Mb.12.318.11.

-पद्, -पाद् a. having a hundred feet.

-पदी, -पाद् f. a centipede.

-पद्मम् 1 a lotus with a hundred petals.

-2 the white lotus.

-पर्वन् -m. a bamboo. (f.)

1 the full-moon day in the month of Āśvina.

-2 Dūrvā grass.

-3 the plant Kaṭukā.

-4 orris root.

-5 the wife of Bhārgava or Śukra. ˚ईशः the planet Venus.

-पर्विका 1 Dūrvā grass.

-2 orris root.

-3 barley.

-पाक a. boiled a hundred times.

-पाकम् a particular unguent; शतपाकेन तैलेन महार्हेणोपतस्थतुः Mb. 13.53.9.

-पादः, -पाद् m.,

-पादी, -पादिका a centipede.

-पालः an overseer (of a hundred villages).

-पुष्पः epithet of the poet Bhāravi.

-पुष्पा, -प्रसूना Anethum Sowa (Mar. शोपा).

-पोना a sieve.

-प्रासः the Kara- vīra tree.

-फलिन् m. a bamboo.

-भिषज् see ˚तारका.

-भीरुः f. the Arabian jasmine.

-मखः, -मन्युः 1 epithets of Indra; प्रसहेत रणे तवानुजान् द्विषतां कः शतमन्युतेजसः Ki. 2.23; Bk.1.5; शतमखमुपतस्थे प्राञ्जलिः पुष्पधन्वा Ku.2. 64; R.9.13.

-2 an owl.

-मयूखः the moon.

-मानः, -नम् 1 a Pala of silver; धरणानि दश ज्ञेयः शतमानस्तु राजतः Ms.8.137; अष्टौ शाणाः शतमानं वहन्ति Mb.3.134.15.

-2 an Āḍhaka q. v.

-मार्जः an armourer.

-मुख a.

1 having a hundred ways.

-2 having a hundred outlets, mouths, or openings; विवेकभ्रष्टानां भवति विनिपातः शतमुखः Bh.2.1 (where the word has sense 1 also). (

-खम्) a hundred ways or openings. (

-खी) a brush, broom.

-मूर्धन् m. an ant-hill.

-मूला the Dūrvā grass,

-यज्वन् m. an epithet of Indra; उपतस्थुरास्थितविषादधियः शतयज्वनो वनचरा वसतिम् Ki.6.29.

-यष्टिकः a necklace of one hundred strings.

-रुद्रियम् 1 a Vedic text (रुद्राध्यायः -'नमस्ते रुद्रमन्यवे' इति याजुषः प्रपाठकः); गृणन्तौ वेदविद्वांसौ तद्व्रह शतरुद्रियम् Mb.7.81.13;7.22.12.

-2 a particular Śiva-stotra in the Mahābhārata; देवदेवस्य ते पार्थ व्याख्याः शतरुद्रियम् Mb.7.22.48.

-रूपा N. of a daughter of Brahman (who is supposed to be also his wife, from whose incestuous connection with her father is said to have sprung Manu Svāyambhuva).

-लुपः, -लुम्पक an epithet of the poet Bhāravi.

-लोचनः an epithet of Indra; कथं वा तस्य न जयो जोयते शतलोचन Mb.8.87.78.

-वर्ष a.

1 a century old.

-2 lasting for a hundred years. (

-र्षम्) one hundred years, a century.

-वीर्या 1 white flowering Dūrvā.

-2 the plant Śatāvarī.

-वेधिन् m. a kind of sorrel.

-शाख a.

1 various, multiform.

-2 having hundred, i. e. many branches.

-संधान a. fixing an arrow a hundred times.

-सहस्रम् 1 a hundred thousand.

-2 several hundreds, i. e. a large number.

-सुखम् endless delight.

-साहस्र a.

1 consisting of <?> containing a hundred thousand.

-2 bought with a hundred thousand.

-ह्रदा 1 lightning; दूरं पुरःक्षिप्तशतह्नदे Ku.7.39; Mk.5.48; V.4; प्रपतेदपि चाकाशं निपतेनु शतह्रदाः Śiva B.19.2.

-2 the thunderbolt of Indra.

-ह्रादा the thunderbolt.

* * *

(kýs; kaus, køri and keyri; kusum and kurum; kosinn, kørinn), v.

1) to choose, select (valkyrjur ríða jafnan at kjósa val);

2) to desire, wish (þá kýs ek laust kaup várt);

kjósa heldr, to choose rather, prefer;

3) to elect (kjósa biskup);

4) with preps.:

kjósa e-n af fleirum, to select, choose from a number;

kjósa af, to choose (kuru þeir þá af at ganga til handa konungi);

margir kjósa ekki orð á sik, many are not so well spoken of as they may wish to be;

kjósa e-n til e-s, to select one for a thing (kjósa e-n til fylgdar við sik, til biskups);

kjósa um e-t, to choose between (kjós þúnú um tvá kosti).

* * *

pres. kýss; pret. kauss, 2nd pers. kauss þu, Gs. 8; pl. kusu; subj. kysi; part. kosinn: but also as frjósa (q. v.), pret. kjöri (köri, keyri), pl. kuru, kjöru, Fms. vi. 420, subj. kyri or keyri, part. kjörinn, keyrinn: with neg. suff. kjós-at-tu, imperat. (choose not), Hkv. Hjörv. 3: the forms kaus, kusu, kysi, kosinn are very rare in old writers, see the following references, whereas in mod. usage the forms in r are all obsolete: [Ulf. kiûsan = δοκιμάζειν, 2 Cor. viii. 8, Gal. vi. 4; A. S. ceôsan; Engl. choose; O. H. G. kiusan; Germ. kiesen, cp. kjör; Dan. kaare; Swed. kåra]:—to choose, elect, with acc. or absol.,

α. þeim mönnum er hann kjöri til með sér, Bs. i. 84; þær líf kuru, Vsp. 20; kurum land þaðra, Am. 97; segja honum hvat þeir kuru af, Fms. xi. 67; kuru þeir þat af at ganga til handa konungi, Hkr. ii. 41; keyri hann þann af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202, Bs. i. 37; Sigurðr konungr kjöri (kaus, Mork.) heldr leikinn, Fms. vii. 96; þeir kjöru at færa heldr fé til strandar, Fb. ii. 25; minni slægja en þeir ætluðu er keyru Þorvald til eptirmáls, Glúm. 383; skipta í helminga landi, en Magnús konungr kyri (keyri), Fms. viii. 152; eðr þrjú skip önnur þau sem hann keyri ór herinum, x. 84; þat kuru allir Birkibeinar, viii. 186; en þeir kjöru frið við Odd, Fas. ii. 190; hann spyrr hvern ek kjöra (subj.) af þeim sem komnir vóru, i. 191; þat kjöra ek (subj., I would choose) at verða konungr, ii. 233; ok nú höfu vér kjörit sem Guð kenndi oss, Fms. vii. 89; nú hafi þér þat kjörit (kosit, Fms. viii. l. c.) er mér er skapfelldra, Fb. ii. 611; at þeir höfðu keyrit í hans stað abóta, Fms. ix. 338; ok var keyrinn (kosinn, v. 1.) í hans stað sira Þórir, 412, x. 50, 98; hér hefir þú keyrit mann til, Ld. 258 C; en þeir kuru hundinn, þvíat þeir þóttusk þá heldr sjálfráði mundu vera, Hkr. i. 136; kuru heldr ( chose rather) at drepa hina, Róm. 295; kjöri hann heldr at halda görð jarls en þeir væri úsáttir, Fms. ii. 114; hann keyri heldr at leysa líf sitt, Nj. 114; allir keyru honum at fylgja, 280; þá er kjörit er handsalat er, Grág. i. 198; þetta er keyrit hyggiliga, Ld. 178; er hinn skyldr at hafa kjörit sumardag fyrsta, Grág. ii. 244: in the phrase, hafa kjörna kosti, to have the choice things; var þá dæmt, at Væringjar skyldu hafa kjörna kosti af öllu því er þeir höfðu þrætt um, Fms. vi. 137.

β. þann mann er kosinn er til veganda at lögum, Grág. ii. 41; skalt þú kjósa Kol til veganda at vígi Hjartar, Nj. 100; margir kjósa ekki orð á sik, people cannot help how they are spoken of, 142; kjósa sik í annan hrepp, Grág. i. 444; vildi Hallr bæði kjósa ok deila, Ld. 38, (see deila); þeir er ávíga urðu skyldi kjósa mann til, … at hafa annan veg kosit, … ok vildi hann þá heldr hafa annan til kosit, Glúm. 383, 384; hálfan val hón kyss, Gm. 8, 14; kjósa hlutvið, Vsp.; kjós þú (imperat.), Hm. 138; kjósa mæðr frá mögum, Fm. 12; ok kusu (kjöru, v. 1.) ina vildustu hesta, Karl. 328; hann kaus heldr brott verpa stundlegum metorðum, Mar.; þrjá kostgripi þá er hann kaus, (kjöri, v. 1.), Edda i. 394; hón bað hann kjósa hvárt heita skyldi Glúmr eða Höskuldr, Nj. 91.

II. reflex., recipr., skyldi annarr hanga en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, ok bað þá kjósask at, draw lots, Hkr. iii. 302.

* * *

(skýt; skaut, skutum; skotinn), v.

1) to shoot with a weapon, with dat. (skjóta öru, spjóti, kólfi);

vera skotinn spjóti í gegnum, to be shot through with a spear;

skjóta af boga, to shoot with a bow;

with the object shot at in acc. (skjóta dýr, mann, sel, fugl);

skjóta at e-m, til e-s, to shoot at one;

skjóta til hœfis, to shoot at a mark;

2) to shoot push or shove quickly;

skjóta brú af, to draw the bridge off or away;

skjóta skildi fyrir sik, to put a shield before one;

skjóta loku fyrir, to shoot the bolt, lock the door;

skjóta frá lokum, to unlock;

skjóta e-u fyrir borð, to ‘shoot’ overboard;

skjóta skipum á vatn, to launch ships;

skjóta báti, to launch a boat from the shore;

skjóta útan báti, to shove out a boat;

skjóta hesti uridir e-n, to put a horse under one, to mount him;

var mér hér skotit á land, I was put ashore here;

skjóta e-u niðr, to thrust it down (hann skaut svá fast niðr skildinum, at);

skjóta e-m brott or undan, to let one escape;

skjóta undan peningum, to abstract, embezzle money;

skjóta e-u í hug e-m to suggest to one (þá skaut guð því ráði í hug þeim);

skjóta upp hvítum skildi, to hoist a white shield;

skjóta upp vita, skjóta eldi í vita, to light up a beacon;

skjóta land-tjaldi, to pitch a tent;

skjóta á fylking, to draw up in battle array;

skjóta á husþingi, to call a meeting together;

skjóta á eyrendi, to make a speech;

skjóta fótum undir sik, to take to one’s heels, to run;

barnit skaut öndu upp, the child began to breathe;

skjóta e-u of öxl, to throw off one’s shoulder;

3) to transfer a case to another;

vér tólf dómendr, er málum þessum er t il skotit, to whom these suits are handed over;

skýt ek því til gúðs ok góðra manna, at, I call God and all good men to witness, that;

4) to pay (hann skaut einn fyrir sveitunga sína alla);

5) impers., e-u skýtr upp, it shoots up, emerges, comes forth;

upp skýtr jörðunni þá ór sænum, then the earth rises from the sea;

skaut upp jörðu dag frá degi, the earth appeared day by day (as the snow melted);

þó at þér skyti því í hug, though it shot into thy mind, occurred to thee;

þeim skaut skelk í bringu, they were panic-stricken;

sem kólfi skyti, swift as a dart;

6) refl., skjótast.

* * *

skýt, pret. skaut, skauzt (skauztu rhyming with laust, Fms. vi. in a verse), skaut, pl. skutu; subj. skyti; imperat. skjót, skjóttú; part. skotinn: [A. S. sceôtan, scyttan; Engl. shoot and shut; Dan. skyde; Germ. schiessen.]

A. To shoot with a weapon, the weapon being in dat.; skjóta öru (örum), spjóti, fleini, skutli, kesju, kólfi …, Fms. i. 44, x. 308, 362, Eg. 380; þeir þykkjask eigi hafa skotið betra skot, Fms. vii. 211; vera skotinn spjóti í gögnum, shot through with a spear, Nj. 274: the object shot at in acc., skjóta dýr, fugla, sela, Edda 16, Nj. 95, Ld. 56, Fms. x. 356, 362, and passim: also, s. til e-s, to shoot at; s. til fugls, Orkn. 346; s. til hæfis, to shoot at a mark, Fms. ii. 268; s. kesju at e-m, Eg. 380; allir skutu at Baldri, Edda 37.

II. to shoot, to push or shove quickly; skjóta loku fyrir (or frá) hurðu (dyrum), to shoot the bolt, lock the door; s. frá lokum, to unlock, Lv. 60; hann lagðisk niðr ok skaut fyrir loku, Eg. 601; skaut hann þá frá lokum, Fms. vi. 189; þeir lögðu hann í kistu ok skutu síðan fyrir borð, and shot the chest overboard, Eg. 127; skaut Egill yfir brúnni, E. shot the bridge over the ditch, 531; s. brú af, to draw the bridge off or away, Fms. xi. 370; s. skipum á vatn, to launch the ships into water, ix. 501; s. báti, to launch a boat from the shore, Nj. 133; s. útan báti, to shove out a boat, 272; brauð þat er hón hafði í ofninn skotið, Hom. 114; menn er í ofn vóru skotnir, 117; var þeim skotið í eld brennanda, Eg. 232; then in all kinds of relations, s. hesti uudir e-n, to put a horse under one, mount him, Eg. 397, 602, Fms. vii. 21; var mér hér skotið á land, I was put ashore here, Nj. 45; s. e-m upp á land, id., Fms. i. 131; s. barni heim af fóstri, to send back a bairn from the fóstr, Grág. i. 276; s. e-m brott, to let one escape, Fms. ix. 420; s. e-m undan, id., vi. 116, vii. 250; s. niðr úmaga, to leave a pauper behind, place him there, Grág. i. 296, 297; s. fé á brott (undan), to abstract, embezzle money, 334; þetta líkar Þórdísi ílla ok skýtr undan peningunum, Korm. 150; skjóttú diametro sólarinnar í tvá staði, divide it into two, Rb. 462; þá skaut Guð því ráði í hug þeim, put this rede into their mind, 655. 3; s. upp hvítum skildi, to hoist a white shield, Fms. x. 347; s. upp vita, to light up the beacon, Hkr. i. 148; þá varð engum vita upp skotið, Orkn. 266; vita-karlinn skaut eldi í vitann, lighted up the beacon, Fms. viii. 188; s. land-tjaldi, to pitch a tent, Nj. 157; var skotið um hann skjaldborg, 274; s. á skjaldborg, to draw up a s., Fms. vii. 70; s. á fylking, to draw up in battle array, Ó. H. 209; s. á húsþingi, to call a meeting together, Eg. 357; s. á eyrendi, to make a speech, Fms. i. 215; skýtr or skýtsk mjök í tvau horn um e-t, see horn B.I. 2; s. fótum undir sik, to take to one’s heels, to run, Fms. viii. 358; hann skaut sér út hjá þeim, shot out, escaped, vi. 189; harm hljóp upp á altarit, ok skaut á knjám sínum, ix. 462; barnit skaut öndu upp, the bairn began to breathe, Hkr. ii. 199; s. skildi fyrir sik, to put a shield before one, Eg. 378, Nj. 156; s. skjóli yfir e-n, to protect (see skjól); Máriusúðin skaut lykkjunum, she (the ship) shivered, Fms. viii. 199; þá segisk, at hann skyti í fyrstu þessu orði, eldisk árgalinn nú, he is said to have let this word slip, to have said, vi. 251; s. e-u of öxl, to throw it off one’s shoulder, Gg. 6; s. e-u á frest, to put off, delay: skjóta augum, to look askance, Eg. (in a verse), from which the mod. gjóta augum is a corruption.

III. metaph. to shift or transfer a case to another, appeal; skutu þau til ráða Ólafs, Ld. 74; s. þrætu til ór skurðar e-s, Fms. vii. 203; því skýt ek til Guðs, i. 3; s. sínu máli á Guðs vald, x. 103; s. þessu máli til Frosta-þings …, þeir skutu þangat sínu máli, i. 32; vér tólf dómendr, er málum þessum er til skotið, Nj. 188; s. máli á fylkis-þing, N. G. L. i. 21; skýt ek því til Guðs ok góðra manna, Nj. 176; menn þá er hann skaut ráðum undir, whom he took as his counsel, Fms. vii. 308.

IV. [A. S. scot; Engl. shot, scot, see skot, I and II]:—to pay; rétt er at fimm búar virði gripinn, ok skal hann þá skjóta í móti slíku, er þeir virða gripinn dýrra enn hans skuld var fyrir öndverðu, Grág. i. 412; skjóta fé saman, to club money together, make a collection, Mar.; þeir skutu saman fjár-hlutum sínum hverr eptir efnum, Hom, 123 (samskot); hann skaut einn fyrir sveitunga sína alla ( he paid their scot) þá er þeir sátu í skytningum, Ld. 312 (see skytningr).

V. impers., e-u skýtr upp, it shoots up, emerges, comes forth; upp skýtr jörðunni þá ór sænum, Edda 44; skaut upp jörðu dag frá degi, the earth appeared day by day (as the snow melted), Fms. ii. 228; þó at þér skyti því í hug, though it shot into thy mind, occurred to thee, Band. 37 new Ed.; þeim skaut skelk í bringu, they were panic-stricken, Ld. 78, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418 (see skelkr); mjök skýtr mornar vakri, she is much tossed, Hallfred; sveita skaut á skjaldrim, the shield-rim was blood-shot, blood-stained, Orkn. (in a verse); sem kólfi skyti, swift as a dart, Fms. ii. 183.

B. Reflex. to shoot, start, move, slip away; Skíði frá ek at skauzt á fætr, S. started to his feet, Skíða R. 52; Björn skauzk aptr síðan at baki Kára, B. shot or slipped behind Kári’s back, Nj. 262; at menn hans skytisk eigi frá honum, lest they should slip away, abscond, Fms. vii. 49; vildi ljósta Gretti, en hann skautzk undan, started away from the blow, Grett. 91 A; þeir fálmauðu af hræðslu, ok skutusk hingað ok þingat undan geislum hans, Niðr. 5; þó at fé hans skjótisk fyrir garðsenda, to slip through by the end of the fence, Grág. ii. 263; nú skýzk maðr undan tali (evades,) N. G. L. i. 97; kemr í hug, at hann mun skotisk hafa undan, ok vilja eigi fara, Ísl. ii. 334: skjótask yfir (impers.), to skip, slip over; mér hefir skotisk yfir að telja hann, þeim hafði yfir skotisk um þetta, they had made a false calculation, Ld. 100; þá skjótumk ek mjök yfir, then I am much mistaken, Skálda (Thorodd); skýzt þeim mörgum vísdómrinn sem betri ván er at, Grett. 25 new Ed.: skjótask e-m, to fail; margir skutusk honum, many forsook him, Fms. i. 22; skutusk þá margir við Þórð í trúnaðinum, many proved false to Thord, Sturl. iii. 75 C; vildi dýrið ljósta þeim hramminum seni heill var, ok skauzk á stúfinn, and stumbled, reeled on the stump of the other leg, Grett. 101 A; hann var nokkut við aldr, ok skauzk á fótum ( and tottered on his legs), ok þó hinn karlmannligsti, Háv. 45: also in the law phrase, hafa e-u fyrir skotið, to have a case forfeited, N. G. L. i. 52, 53; ef hann stefnir eigi … þá er þeim váttum fyrir skotið, then the witnesses are valueless, 54 (cp. Dan. for-skyde).

2. reflex., in the mod. skjótask, to go on a short errand, pay a short visit; viltu ekki skjótast með bréfið að tarna? eg ætla að skjútast inn sem snöggvast, bíddu meðan eg skýzt inn, and the like.

II. recipr., skjótask á, to exchange shots, Fms. i. 93, vii. 54.

III. part., of corn, to shoot; rúgakr al-skotinn, Þiðr. 180.